NO.PZ201512300100000303
问题如下：
3. In the current interest rate environment, using a required return estimate based on the short-term government bond rate and a historical equity riskpremium defined in terms of a short-term government bond rate would be expected to:
选项：
A.bias long-term required return on equity estimates upwards.
B.bias long-term required return on equity estimates downwards.
C.have no effect on long-term required return on equity estimates.
解释：
A is correct.
The required return reflects the magnitude of the historical equity risk premium, which is generally higher when based on a short-term interest rate (as a result of the normal upward sloping yield curve), and the current value of the rate being used to represent the risk-free rate. The short-term rate is currently higher than the long-term rate, which will also increase the required return estimate. The short-term interest rate, however, overstates the long-term expected inflation rate. Using the short-term interest rate, estimates of the long-term required return on equity will be biased upwards.
我想知道，向下调整和有一个向下的bias，在表述上是什么样的？因为我发现我有点模糊了
upward biased
biased upward
