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蓝阿白 · 2021年03月04日

这两个选项怎么解释呢?

B is incorrect. Carry trades may involve only one yield curve, as is the case for intra-market trades. In addition, if two curves are involved they need not have different slopes provided there is a difference in the level of yields between markets. C is incorrect. Inter-market carry trades do not, in general, break even if each yield curve goes to its forward rates. Intra-market trades will break even if the curve goes to the forward rates because, by construction of the forward rates, all points on the curve will earn the “first-period” rate (that is, the rate for the holding period being considered). Inter-market trades need not break even unless the “first-period” rate is the same in the two markets. If the currency exposure is not hedged, then breaking even also requires that there be no change in the currency exchange rate.
1 个答案

发亮_品职助教 · 2021年03月05日

嗨,从没放弃的小努力你好:


Carry trades may involve only one yield curve, as is the case for intra-market trades.

这是一国内部的Carry trade,在本国借短期、投长期,我们做的是同一条收益率曲线上的息差。由于在一国内部,因此只涉及一条收益率曲线(involve only one yield curve)。


In addition, if two curves are involved they need not have different slopes provided there is a difference in the level of yields between markets. 

国际市场的Carry trade(Inter-market carry trade),就会涉及到两条收益率曲线。因为我们做的是2国之间的息差,在一个国家借、在另外一个国家投。

这两个国家只要利率间有息差即可,至于两国的收益率曲线是否有不同的斜率都无所谓。Carry trade成功只要有息差即可,不要求两国的收益率曲线必须有不同的斜率。


例如,A国的利率曲线为:

1-year 2%;2-year 4%;3-year 5%;10-year 8%

B国的收益率曲线为:

1-year 4%;2-year 8%;3-year 10%;10-year 16%

我们发现,A国的收益率曲线与B国的收益率曲线是平行的,B国的利率为A国利率的2倍;由于两国的收益率曲线是平行的,因此他们有相同的斜率。

在A国借1-Year,在B国投2-year,依然可以赚取Carry trade的息差。

因此,如果Carry trade涉及到2个国家的曲线,不要求两国的收益率曲线必须有不同的斜率。像上面这种情况,斜率一致也可赚取息差、Carry trade也能成功。


当然,斜率不一致就更能赚取息差了。因为斜率不一致,两国的利率肯定存在息差。

例如,A国的利率曲线为:

1-year 1%;2-year 2%;3-year 3%;10-year 8%;

B国的收益率曲线为:

1-year 3%;2-year 7%;3-year 10%;10-year 16%

这种两条收益率曲线的斜率不一样,我们依然可已在A/B两国赚取息差。例如,在A借2-year,在B投2-year。


Inter-market carry trades do not, in general, break-even if each yield curve goes to its forward rates. Intra-market trades will break even if the curve goes to the forward rates because, by the construction of the forward rates, all points on the curve will earn the “first-period” rate (that is, the rate for the holding period being considered). Inter-market trades need not break even unless the “first-period” rate is the same in the two markets. If the currency exposure is not hedged, then breaking even also requires that there be no change in the currency exchange rate.


整个答案这段就是描述一件事:

对于Intra-market,如果收益率曲线实现了期初Spot rate隐含的Implied forward rate,那么Intra-market carry trade实现盈亏平衡,因为Carry trade借钱的利率和投资的收益都是一样大的,因此Intra-market carry trade实现盈亏平衡。对应的句子为:

Intra-market trades will break even if the curve goes to the forward rates because, by the construction of the forward rates, all points on the curve will earn the “first-period” rate (that is, the rate for the holding period being considered


然后,这个结论不能推广到Inter-market carry trade。

也就是说,在Inter-market carry trade中,即便收益率曲线实现了期初Spot rate隐含的Implied forward rate,这种投资也不一定能实现盈亏平衡。

对应的句子为:

Inter-market carry trades do not, in general, break-even if each yield curve goes to its forward rates.


然后下面这句就解释为什么Intra-market可以实现,而结论不能推广到Inter-market carry trade:

Inter-market trades need not break even unless the “first-period” rate is the same in the two markets. If the currency exposure is not hedged, then breaking even also requires that there be no change in the currency exchange rate.

关于Intra-market,如果收益率曲线实现了期初Spot rate隐含的Implied forward rate,那么Intra-market carry trade实现盈亏平衡,这点其实是来自2级的一个结论:

If forward rates are realized, then all bonds, regardless of maturity, will have the same one-period realized return, which is the first-period spot rate.

也就是说,如果利率曲线实现了期初Implied forward rate,那么无论投资的债券是多长期限的,他们拥有相同的投资期收益率,且这个收益率为对应的Spot rate。


下面做一个简单的证明:

1-year Spot rate = 2%

2-year spot rate = 3%

3-year spot rate = 4%

这个Spot rate隐含的forward rate为:

f(1,1) = 4.01%

f(1,2) = 5.015%

假设一年过去了,利率实现了当初Spot rate隐含的Forward rate,即站在1年后的时间点看,1-year spot rate = 4.01%;2-year spot rate = 5.015%;


我们投资一个1-year zero-coupon bond,投资这1年实现的收益率就是1-year spot rate = 2%。

假设我们投资的是一个2-year zero-coupon bond,投资这1年实现的收益率计算为:

期初的买债券价格:100/(1+3%)^2=94.26

1年过去后,利率实现了期初的Implied forward rate,即1年之后的1-year spot rate=4.01%。由于期初是2年期债券,我们已经投资了1年了,期末按照新的Spot rate定价,债券的期末卖价:100/(1+4.01%)=96.145

所以投资一年的收益率为:(96.145-94.26)/(94.26)=1.9998%,考虑计算的时候是近似的,所以理论值应该是2%


这样发现,如果利率曲线实现了期初的Implied forward rate,我们的投资期是1年,投资1年期债券的收益率是2%,投资2年期债券的收益率为2%,这个收益率就是第一年的Spot rate。

所以,如果收益率曲线实现了期初Spot rate隐含的Implied forward rate,无论投资的是什么样期限的债券,这一年的投资收益率,都是第一期的Spot rate 2%。

这就是上面2级里这个结论说的:

will have the same one-period realized return, which is the first-period spot rate.


同理,如果我们投资的是3年期的债券1年,期初价格为:100/(1+4%)^3=88.90

期末利率实现了Implied forward rate,此时债券为2年期债券,为其折现的为新的2年期利率5.015%,债券的卖出价格为:100/(1+5.015%)^2=90.68

所以这一年的投资收益为:(90.68 - 88.90)/88.90 = 2%

我们发现,如果利率实现了期初的Implied forward rate,投资3年期债券1年,他的收益率也是2%,也是第一期的Spot rate。


这个结论引申到Intra-market carry就是:

如果利率实现了期初Spot rate隐含的Implied forward rate,那么无论是何种期限的债券,实现的投资收益率都一样,都是第一期的Spot rate,那这样的话,在这个投资期,Carry trade即便是借短期投长期,Carry trade实现的借贷利率是一样的,就刚好盈亏平衡。

比如,我们借1年期、投3年期,上面发现,借1年期这1年的成本为2%,投3年期这1年的收益为2%,收益等于成本,这个Carry trade刚好实现盈亏平衡。


所以做Intra-market Carry trade的投资者都是认为将来实现的利率不等于期初隐含的Implied forward rate。

回忆Carry trade的收益率预测是Stable,它是指利率曲线今天长啥样明天还是啥样,所以明天的1-year spot rate还是2%,2-year还是3%,显然没有实现期初implied forward rate预测的4.01%与5.015%。


然后,选项C是想把上面那个结论引申到Inter-market carry trade。

"Inter-market trades need not break even unless the “first-period” rate is the same in the two markets."


首先对于Inter-market carry trade,即便利率实现了期初预测的Implied forward rate也无所谓,因为是两个市场,大家都有各自自己市场内部的First-period spot rate,first-period spot rate也不一样相等。所以即便两个国家的利率曲线都实现了Implied forward rate,由于First-period spot rate不一定相等,也不一定能实现Break even。


然后就是即便First-period spot rate相等也无所谓(两国间的息差刚好为0),因为两国之间的Carry trade还涉及汇率的变动,所以Carry trade的收益也不一定Breakeven。


所以对于Inter-market carry trade要实现盈亏平衡,要求非常苛刻,就是要保证:

两个国家的利率都实现Implied forward rate,且两国的First-period rate相同;同时,汇率没有变动。


综上:

Intra-market carry trades just break even if both yield curves move to the forward rates,正确

Inter-market carry trades just break even if both yield curves move to the forward rates,错误

该结论推广到Inter-market carry trade不成立。

以上只需记住结论即可。

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虽然现在很辛苦,但努力过的感觉真的很好,加油!

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