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Ronnie YIN · 2019年11月29日

问一道题:NO.PZ2019103001000064

问题如下:

Susan Winslow manages bond funds denominated in US Dollars, Euros, and British Pounds. Each fund invests in sovereign bonds and related derivatives. Each fund can invest a portion of its assets outside its base currency market with or without hedging the currency exposure, but to date Winslow has not utilized this capacity. She believes she can also hedge bonds into currencies other than a portfolio’s base currency when she expects doing so will add value. However, the legal department has not yet confirmed this interpretation. If the lawyers disagree, Winslow will be limited to either unhedged positions or hedging into each portfolio’s base currency.

Winslow thinks the Mexican and Greek markets may offer attractive opportunities to enhance returns. Yields in these markets are given in Exhibit 1, along with those for the base currencies of her portfolios. The Greek rates are for euro-denominated government bonds priced at par. In the other markets, the yields apply to par sovereign bonds as well as to the fixed side of swaps versus six-month Libor (i.e., swap spreads are zero in each market). The six-month Libor rates also represent the rates at which investors can borrow or lend in each currency. Winslow observes that the five-year Treasury-note and the five-year German government note are the cheapest to deliver against their respective futures contracts expiring in six months.

Winslow expects yields in the US, Euro, UK, and Greek markets to remain stable over the next six months. She expects Mexican yields to decline to 7.0% at all maturities. Meanwhile, she projects that the Mexican Peso will depreciate by 2% against the Euro, the US Dollar will depreciate by 1% against the Euro, and the British Pound will remain stable versus the Euro. Winslow believes bonds of the same maturity may be viewed as having the same duration for purposes of identifying the most attractive positions.

Based on these views, Winslow is considering three types of trades. First, she is looking at carry trades, with or without taking currency exposure, among her three base currency markets. Each such trade will involve extending duration (e.g., lend long/borrow short) in no more than one market. Second, assuming the legal department confirms her interpretation of permissible currency hedging, she wants to identify the most attractive five-year bond and currency exposure for each of her three portfolios from among the five markets shown in Exhibit 1. Third, she wants to identify the most attractive five-year bond and hedging decision for each portfolio if she is only allowed to hedge into the portfolio’s base currency.

If Winslow is allowed to hedge into any of the currencies, she can obtain the highest expected returns by

选项:

A.

buying the Greek 5-year in each portfolio and hedging it into Pesos

B.

buying the Greek 5-year in each portfolio and hedging it into USD.

C.

buying the Mexican 5-year in each portfolio and not hedging the currency

解释:

A is correct.

As shown in the previous question, the Greek bond is the most attractive. Although the Peso is expected to depreciate by 2% against the EUR and the GBP and by 1% against the USD, this is less than the benefit of hedging EUR into MXN (+3.475%). The net currency component of the expected return is +1.475% = (3.475% – 2.0%) for the EUR and GBP portfolios and +2.475% = (3.475% – 1.0%) for the USD-denominated portfolio. Hedging into GBP would add only 0.175% for any of the portfolios. Hedging into USD would reduce expected return for any of the portfolios because the pick up on the hedge (+0.625%) is less than the expected depreciation (–1.0%) of the USD against the Euro and GBP.

B is incorrect. Hedging the Euro-denominated Greek bond into USD would reduce expected return for any of the portfolios because the pick on the hedge (+0.625%) is less than the expected depreciation of the USD against the Euro and GBP.

C is incorrect. As shown above, the Greek bond is more attractive than the Mexican bond.

怎么理解Hedged Return这个概念?

4 个答案
已采纳答案

yx9881 · 2019年12月02日

1.  可以再补充些解答信息吗?

按照视频,何旋老师的讲解思路:  如果hedge, EUR hedge into  MXN,  则 R(fx) = R(MXN)  -R(EUR),  这个数值要比 

R(USD)  -R(EUR), 所以选择A.

这个思路和这道题的解答思路不一致?

2. 这部分的解答没看明白

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同理,对于USD账户,最终核算的收益为USD,所以将希腊债的EUR收益Hedge成了MXN之后,还需要将MXN收益再用未来预期的即期汇率换回USD;

因为预测MXN相对USD贬值1%,所以先把希腊债的EUR收益Hedge成MXN收益,再按即期汇率将MXN收益换回USD收益,获得的净收益为:

3.475%-1%=2.475%;

也就是不考虑债券投资,对USD账户,先把EUR收益用Forward hedge成MXN,再用预期的未来即期汇率将MXN收益换回USD收益,就额外增加了2.475%的收益。

如果不进行这步操作,对于USD账户,预期EUR相对USD升值1%,把希腊债EUR收益换回USD的收益仅仅为1%。

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.475% 大于 3.475% - 2% = 1.475%;那不是该选B了吗?



发亮_品职助教 · 2019年12月03日

“按照视频,何旋老师的讲解思路:  如果hedge, EUR hedge into  MXN,  则 R(fx) = R(MXN)  -R(EUR),  这个数值要比 

R(USD)  -R(EUR), 所以选择A.

这个思路和这道题的解答思路不一致?”


思路是一样的,何老师这个步骤是在选择Hedge成哪种货币Forward带来的收益最大。

我们可以将EUR的收益Hedge成任意货币,所以第一步就是确定Hedge成哪种货币。

EUR into MXN,用Forward hedge带来的收益为:(7.10%-0.15%)/2=3.475%

EUR into USD,用Forward hedge带来的收益为:(1.40%-0.15%)/2=0.625%

EUR into GBP,用Forward hedge带来的收益为:(0.50%-0.15%)/2=0.175%

所以这步的比较发现:将EUR收益Hedge成MXN,Forward带来的收益最大,我们给所有的Portfolio都选择Hedge成MXN。到这步就已经可以选出答案A了,如果还要继续算净收益,就参考第一个回复。



“2.475% 大于 3.475% - 2% = 1.475%;那不是该选B了吗?”


1.475%的收益,是对于GBP/EUR账户而言的净收益。

我们给所有的账户:USD账户、GBP账户、EUR账户,都先把希腊债的EUR收益Hedge成了MXN,Forward带来的收益是3.475%;

但是对于不同的账户,核算还是用Base currency,这时候就要用Forward的收益减去预期Base Currency的升贬值,来算净收益。

例如,对于GBP/EUR账户,预期MXN相对于GBP/EUR贬值2%,所以对于这两个账户来说,经过Hedge成MXN这步操作后的净收益为:3.475%-2%=1.475%

而对于USD账户,预期MXN相对于USD贬值1%,经过Hedge成MXN这步操作后的净收益为:3.475%-1%=2.475%


B选项说的是把所以账户的EUR收益Hedge成USD,由前面计算可知,Hedge成USD,Forward带来的收益为:0.625%,这个收益远远小于Hedge成MXN Forward带来的收益3.475%,所以不选B。如果Hedge成USD,对于GBP/EUR的账户来说,净收益为:0.625%-2%=-1.375%;因为最终核算GBP/EUR账户收益时,还需要用本币,但是USD相对EUR/GBP贬值2%,所以净收益是0.625%-2%=-1.375%,显然将GBP/EUR账户的收益Hedge成USD是不利的。

发亮_品职助教 · 2019年12月03日

"Hedge后的收益 怎么去理解?是货币的升值还是什么?"


这里说Hedge带来的收益,纯粹就是签订Currency Forward带来的收益。具体理解如下:

Hedge带来的收益是站在期初时刻,签订一份Currency Forward合约,Foward合约带来的收益。

利用Covered interest rate parity,Forward合约的定价公式为:

其中F是Currency forward里面约定的汇率;S0是期初的汇率。

现在,我们想看看如果站在期初签订一份Forward,期末以Forward合约约定的汇率换汇,我们的收益为多少,也就是Forward合约带来的收益是多少?

下面式子就是按Forward换汇相对于期初汇率的收益。

对Forward定价公式,左右等式两边,分子同时减去分母,就能凑到上面的收益:

 

所以第一个回复里,连个利率直接相减(7.10%-0.15%)/2=3.475%,这个收益就是签订Forward带来的收益。也就是我们说的用Forward hedge的收益。

也可以理解成按Forward约定的汇率换汇,相对于期初汇率“升值”带来的收益。

也就是说,这道题就是因为"卖EUR/买MXN"这个Forward合约带来的收益最高,所以我们才额外签订了这份Forward合约,把债券的收益先都Hedge成了MXN。



“第2小问为什么要EUR hedge MXN 再转USD. 不能EUR 直接hedge USD吗?”


这是一个USD账户,所以最终核算的时候一定还是USD收益。

期初也可以直接签“卖EUR/买USD”的Forward合约,将EUR收益直接Hedge成USD,但这样做收益显然不如Hedge成MXN那个方法高。

例如,前期就直接Hedge成USD,利用Covered interest rate parity,我们算一下EUR hedge成USD,Forward带来的收益为:

(1.40%-0.15%)/2 = 0.625%,

而将EUR先hedge成MXN,Forward合约带来的收益是:3.475%。

哪怕MXN相对于USD贬值1%,用Forward先hedge成MXN,回头再换回USD后的净收益都比直接Hedge成USD的收益高,净收益为:3.475%-1%=2.475%,

远高于期初直接Hedge成USD的收益0.625%。

所以对于USD账户来说,用Forward合约Hedge成MXN也是有利的。



总结一下:

这道题说Hedge成任意货币,其实就是想找一下哪个Forward带来的收益最高。哪个Forward的收益高,我们就用哪个Forward。

第二个问题就是,基础课这里也提到过:Hedge与否,不能单看Forward收益,Forward收益要与Projected(预期的)升贬值对比;上面的例子,对于USD账户,将EUR hedge成MXN Forward合约的收益是3.475%,而MXN与USD的预期升贬值为-1%,显然Forward的收益高于预期升贬值,所以我们Hedge一下可以提高收益。

发亮_品职助教 · 2019年12月01日

嗨,从没放弃的小努力你好:


本题是可以把债券的收益Hedge成任意货币(hedge into any of the currencies),所以是在投资债券的基础上,又额外投资了一种外汇。


例如,本题A选项投资5年期希腊债,并且把希腊债收益Hedge成MXN收益。可以这么理解:

先把希腊债收益Hedge成MXN收益,利用Interest rate parity,可以知道,Hedge后获得的收益为:(7.10%-0.15%)/2=3.475%

现在已经把希腊债的欧元收益Hedge成了MXN收益,但是对于欧元账户来说,最终核算的货币仍然为欧元,所以再用预测的未来即期汇率,将MXN收益换回EUR收益,预期MXN相对于EUR会贬值2%。所以先把希腊债的收益Hedge成MXN收益,再按预期的未来即期汇率将MXN收益换回EUR收益,获得的净收益为:

3.475% - 2% = 1.475%;

也就是不考虑债券投资,对于EUR账户,仅仅是先用Forward将EUR收益hedge成MXN,再用预期的未来即期汇率将MXN收益换回EUR收益,就能额外增加了1.475%的收益。

如果不进行这步操作,对于EUR账户,希腊债没法获取这1.475%、由外汇带来的额外收益。


同理,对于USD账户,最终核算的收益为USD,所以将希腊债的EUR收益Hedge成了MXN之后,还需要将MXN收益再用未来预期的即期汇率换回USD;

因为预测MXN相对USD贬值1%,所以先把希腊债的EUR收益Hedge成MXN收益,再按即期汇率将MXN收益换回USD收益,获得的净收益为:

3.475%-1%=2.475%;

也就是不考虑债券投资,对USD账户,先把EUR收益用Forward hedge成MXN,再用预期的未来即期汇率将MXN收益换回USD收益,就额外增加了2.475%的收益。

如果不进行这步操作,对于USD账户,预期EUR相对USD升值1%,把希腊债EUR收益换回USD的收益仅仅为1%。


所以这种题目,就是利用Interest rate parity、利用Forward将EUR收益Hedge成另一种货币,赚取Forward里的利率差,发行Hedge成MXN获取的利率差最大;因为未来还需再把外币再转回Portfolio base currency,所以还需要考虑MXN与本币之间的预期升贬值,只要Forward赚取的利率差大于外汇的预期升贬值就有利可图。


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就算太阳没有迎着我们而来,我们正在朝着它而去,加油!


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