NO.PZ2023010401000142
问题如下：
Which of the following trade restrictions is likely to result in the greatest welfare loss for the importing country?
选项：
A.A tariff.
B.An import quota.
C.A voluntary export restraint.
解释：
With a voluntary export restraint, the price increase induced by restricting the quantity of imports (= quota rent for equivalent quota = tariff revenue for equivalent tariff) accrues to foreign exporters and/or the foreign government.
中文解析：
在自愿限制出口的情况下，由于限制进口数量而引起的价格上涨(=同等配额的配额租金=同等关税的关税收入)将由外国出口商和/或外国政府获得。
V ER是怎么带来welfare loss的，怎么区分是对进口国还是出口国的，感觉好乱，分析的时候分不清谁是进口国谁是出口国，以及应该是一个什么样的思路去分析，麻烦老师解答谢谢