A和D可以解释一下吗？谢谢

问题如下：

A risk manager at a local bank is discussing the concepts of expected and unexpected loss with a risk analyst. The risk manager points out that unexpected losses can sometimes result from unknown or uncertain risks, or risks that are difficult to quantify. The analyst asks about ways to assess and manage these risks. Which of the following is a correct statement for the manager to make?

选项：

A.

Unknown risks may be estimated but are typically impossible to manage.

B.

Unknown risks may exist in various risk types but are typically minor and inconsequential.

C.

Risk managers should treat unknown risks in the same way as those risks that can be quantified.

D.

A risk manager's confidence in the estimate of a risk measure should affect the application of that estimate in the decision-making process.

解释：

Explanation

D is correct. A risk manager's confidence in a risk measure shapes how the result should be applied in decision-making.

A is incorrect. Examples of unknown risks are Knightian uncertainties, in which the decision maker cannot know all the information required to model a probability distribution of potential outcomes. These types of risk can sometimes be managed through avoidance and other forms of risk management.

B is incorrect. Some unknown risks such as Knightian uncertainties can be very large and threatening in terms of potential severity, even though their frequency is impossible to quantify.

C is incorrect. Risk managers must never treat risks that cannot be measured as if they are a known quantity.

Section Foundations of Risk Management

Learning Objective Distinguish between expected loss and unexpected loss and provide examples of each.

Evaluate, compare, and apply tools and procedures used to measure and manage risk, including quantitative measures, qualitative risk assessment techniques, and enterprise risk management.

Reference Global Association of Risk Professionals. Foundations of Risk Management. New York, NY: Pearson, 2022. Chapter 1. The Building Blocks of Risk Management.