indirect tax

问题如下：

QuestionWhich fiscal policy mechanism is most apt to exert an immediate effect on spending?

选项：

A.indirect taxes. B.exchange rate targeting. C.capital expenditure plans.

解释：

Solution

1. Correct, because indirect taxes can be swiftly adjusted once they're announced, influencing spending right away. This immediate adjustment can shift consumer behavior and rapidly generate revenue for the government.
2. Incorrect, as exchange rate targeting is fundamentally a tool of monetary policy, not fiscal policy. Several emerging economies use this method, steering their monetary decisions by aligning the value of their currency against another.
3. Incorrect, because capital expenditure plans require extended periods for planning and deployment, often spanning several years. The more delayed a fiscal action is, the higher the likelihood that external influences will already be modifying the economy before the fiscal alteration takes effect.

Fiscal Policy

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A正确，因为间接税一旦公布就可以迅速调整，立即影响支出。这种即时的调整可以改变消费者的行为，并迅速为政府创造收入。

B不正确，因为从根本上说，汇率目标制是货币政策的工具，而不是财政政策的工具。一些新兴经济体使用这种方法，通过调整本国货币对另一国货币的价值来指导他们的货币决策。

C不正确，因为资本支出计划需要长时间的规划和部署，通常跨越数年。财政行动越推迟，外部影响就越有可能在财政改革生效之前就已经在改变经济。