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gotowsy · 2024年04月12日

请问内部化有些什么方法?

NO.PZ2024010501000016

问题如下:

Which of the following statements about the internalization of externalities is most accurate?

选项:

A.

Internalization of negative externalities can be achieved only by regulatory means.

B.

Internalization through taxation is an innovative, new idea to address externalized pollution costs.

C.

Internalization refers to all measures to ensure externalities are reflected in the prices of commercial goods and services.

解释:

C is correct. Internalization refers to all measures (public or private) to ensure that externalities become reflected in the prices of commercial goods and services. It is not limited to regulatory means. Using taxation to force internalization of pollution costs was first suggested in the 1920s.

请问除了立法、收税,还有什么内部化的方法?

2 个答案
已采纳答案

Tina_品职助教 · 2024年04月15日

嗨,爱思考的PZer你好:


内部化外部性是指采取措施使得商品和服务的市场价格能反映其真实的社会成本和收益,包括那些通常不被市场价格直接体现的成本和收益。除了立法和征税,还有其他几种方法可以实现外部性的内部化:

1. 可交易排放许可证

这是一种市场机制,政府设定总的污染物排放上限,并发放相应数量的排放许可证。企业可以在一个开放市场上买卖这些许可证。通过这种方式,污染成本被内部化到企业的运营成本中,激励企业减少污染或通过市场购买额外的排放权。

2. 补贴和激励措施

政府或其他机构可以通过提供补贴或其他经济激励来鼓励企业或个人采取环保行为。例如,对可再生能源项目的补贴可以促进清洁能源技术的采用,减少对化石燃料的依赖,从而内部化环境成本。

3. 私人诉讼

通过法律途径允许受到负外部性影响的个人或集体向造成外部性的企业或个体索赔。这种做法可以使得受影响者得到赔偿,同时迫使污染者承担其行为的经济后果。

4. 自愿协议和行业标准

企业间或行业内部可以自发形成一些自愿的协议或行业标准,以减少对环境的负面影响。这些自愿措施通常旨在提前应对或超越政府的法规要求,通过行业内部的共识来实现外部性的内部化。

5. 生态补偿

在这种机制中,对于那些能够保护或改善生态环境的行为,如保护水源地、恢复生态系统等,提供经济补偿。这种方法鼓励了对公共资源或环境的积极管理,确保了环境价值得以在经济活动中得到体现。

6. 公共教育和意识提升

提高公众对环境问题的认识和理解,可以促进消费者和企业做出更加环保的决策。虽然这不是直接的经济手段,但通过改变消费者行为和企业文化,可以间接实现外部性的内部化。

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虽然现在很辛苦,但努力过的感觉真的很好,加油!

gotowsy · 2024年04月15日

感谢回答,冒昧问一句,是否是chatgpt的回答?^_^,用的是3.5还是4.0?我正纠结要不要买一个4.0,3.5的GPT训练数据截止到2021年,但毕竟很多ESG动态都是在这之后。

Tina_品职助教 · 2024年04月16日

嗨,努力学习的PZer你好:


4比3.5更好一些。不过还是需要一些人为判断~

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努力的时光都是限量版,加油!

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