spoofing &wash trading的区别

问题如下：

Bloomfield mentions that a regulatory body is investigating a competitor’s trading practices. The investigation involves a tip that the competitor is manipulating markets by submitting orders and arranging trades to influence other traders’ perceptions of value. Specifically, regulators were informed that the competitor has been buying stock to raise its price, thereby encouraging momentum traders to buy, and then selling the stock to them at higher prices. The regulator confirmed that the competitor did not use standing limit orders or commonly controlled accounts for the trades under investigation.

The competitor company’s trading is best described as:

选项：

bluffing

spoofing

wash trading.

解释：

A is correct.

Bluffing involves submitting orders and arranging trades to influence other traders’ perceptions of value. Bluffers often prey on momentum traders, who buy when prices are rising and sell when prices are falling. Similarly, Bloomfield mentioned that regulators were informed that 2Fast’s competitor has been submitting orders and arranging trades to influence other traders’ perceptions of value; regulators were informed the competitor has been buying stock to raise its price, thereby encouraging momentum traders to buy, and then selling the stock to them at higher prices.

B is incorrect because the competitor did not use standing limit orders—those orders that are used in a spoofing strategy—for the trades the regulator is investigating. Spoofing is a trading practice in which traders place exposed standing limit orders to convey an impression to other traders that the market is more liquid than it is or to suggest to other traders that the security is under- or overvalued.

C is incorrect because the competitor did not use commonly controlled accounts—those accounts that are used in a wash trading strategy—for the trades that regulators are investigating. Wash trading consists of trades arranged among commonly controlled accounts to create the impression of market activity at a particular price. The purpose of wash trading is to fool investors into believing that a market is more liquid than it truly is and to thereby increase investors’ confidence both in their ability to exit positions without substantial cost and in their assessments of security values.