welfare loss

问题如下：

Which of the following trade restrictions is likely to result in the greatest welfare loss for the importing country?

选项：

A.A tariff. B.An import quota. C.A voluntary export restraint.

解释：

With a voluntary export restraint, the price increase induced by restricting the quantity of imports (= quota rent for equivalent quota = tariff revenue for equivalent tariff) accrues to foreign exporters and/or the foreign government.

中文解析：

在自愿限制出口的情况下，由于限制进口数量而引起的价格上涨(=同等配额的配额租金=同等关税的关税收入)将由外国出口商和/或外国政府获得。