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嘉懿 · 2023年10月21日

对B选项逻辑不理解

  1. ESG
  2. Introduction to ESG

NO.PZ2022120701000005

问题如下：

Which of the following statements regarding externalities is most accurate?

选项：

A.Externalities can be due to environmental or social factors.

B.When externalities are positive, private costs are lower than societal costs.

C.Internalization of externalities does not affect companies’ financial

解释：

Externalities can occur due to environmental factors, such as pollution or social factors, for example, when companies fail to pay a minimum wage. When externalities are negative, private costs are lower than societal costs. Internalization of these externalities could significantly impact the costs and profits of companies’ products and services, affecting their bottom line.

我们可以说当外部性为负时，发生了外部成本，但如何证明外部成本一定大于内部成本呢？

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净净_品职助教 · 2023年10月22日

嗨，努力学习的PZer你好：


举个负外部性简单的例子，工厂直接排放污水到河流中，并且没有承担任何成本，此时private cost为零，但是排污导致两岸居民饮水、河流生物都受到负面影响，给社会带来成本（societal costs），此时就是负外部性的表现，societal costs>private costs。

B选正好说反了。

外部成本和内部成本的大小是两个独立的概念，并不一定存在固定的关系。内部成本是公司在生产过程中直接承担的成本，如原材料、劳动力和设备的成本。而外部成本是由于公司的生产活动而间接产生的，这些成本不直接计入公司的账簿，但可能由社会或第三方承担，如污染引起的健康问题或生态损害。要证明外部成本大于内部成本就不是ESG学习所要求的，同学只需要理解这个词语的概念和特点即可。

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