LAM save insufficiently可以说他是self-control bias吗？

问题如下：

Charlotte Taylor is an investment advisor in the U.S. She is meeting with two clients: Paul Lam and Thomas Ashland.

Lam is a 35-year-old attorney. He recently purchased a home, where he and his wife live with their young child. The home has a mortgage of USD 300,000. Lam has been saving for several years but is behind schedule to ultimately fund his retirement. Through his experience representing corporations in legal matters, he often invests in companies that remind him of his most successful clients because “they know what works.” The rest of his investment ideas come from advertisements by industry trade groups and blogs sponsored by the companies he is researching. He has repeatedly declined Taylor’s suggestion to consider additional independent sources of information. To justify this, he claims to have avoided stocks that were part of “obvious bubbles” in recent years. Based on previous conversations, Taylor notes that Lam had never considered investing in such stocks.

Ashland is a retired software engineer. He is 60 years old, married, and has two adult children. Ashland lives in the same inexpensive home he bought 30 years ago, and has fully paid off the mortgage. He and his wife take only one vacation each year, to visit their grandchildren.

Ashland’s investment portfolio, valued at USD 8,000,000, is 30% invested in the shares of the small company his father founded. He won’t consider diversifying any of this risk, stating, “it’s a source of family pride and worth every penny.” Taylor is concerned that Ashland rarely trades after making an initial investment, but when she suggests periodic reallocation, Ashland responds, “my portfolio will do best if I leave it alone.” He has also told Taylor that he would be upset to sell an investment, only to then see it appreciate further in value.

A. Identify two of the following behavioral biases (availability, endowment, framing,

regret-aversion, representativeness, self-control) exhibited by:

i. Lam.

ii. Ashland.

Justify each identified bias with one example from the information provided.

选项：

解释：